DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDHOOD TO THE PRE-TEENS

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
The development is the changes towards a more advanced, more mature and more mature.
The development of students is a complex one. This means that many factors that influence it, both innate and environmental factors. Both of which are equally affected.
In this chapter I shall describe some of the concepts of development.
1. Understanding Development
The development is on the individual changes that started at the time of conception and continues throughout life, which continued in a systematic, progressive and continuous both on physical (physical) and psychic (spiritual) it. But keep in mind that not every change in the development Organism.
The changes are not due to development, such as individuals who use drugs.
To clarify the changes as a result of the development.
a. Terakar developments in biological element that occurs in a long period and are general, not related to the event or particular experience. But children's learning experiences also influence the development process in question.
b. The development can be viewed from the side or function sturuktur, or physical and psychological changes. Changes in sturuktur the physical changes associated with both size and shape. Like the change arms, legs, muscles, while the change from the side of the function changes associated with psychic such as changes in the ability to think, remember, an emotional reaction.
c. Developments that are patterned, orderly, predictable. This means that when children develop normally, he would follow certain patterns that have been able to dpperkirakan example, children can sit stelah will crawl and stand and so on.
d. Developments that are unique to each individual. Means that development, but in addition there is no difference kasamaan. Even within a given side there is no single individual with other individuals.
e. That development occurs in stages for a relatively long time. It means that the change in character for a moment, melainkanterjadi in a process that took place on an ongoing basis in a relatively long time.
f. The development is the changes that occur throughout the life of starting from the time of conception to die world. Conception is the creation or marriage duration human seed which later grew into an organism or a fetus as a potential human being known as petus (baby in the womb).

B. Factors Affecting the Development
1. Transcription factors (inheritance)
Derivatives have an important role in the growth and development of children. He was born into this world with different kinds of heritage that comes from their parents or grandparents. Inheritance is the most important among other forms of body, face, skin color, talents, qualities or character and disease.
2. Environmental factors
Environment was instrumental in the growth and development of children. Environment is a caring family and raising children, educating the school, the community where the kids hang out, play and natural circumstances surrounding the climate.
a. Family.
Family, place children in foster care and in exaggerated, influence on growth and development, especially the economic situation of households and the level of the parents in caring for a very large influence on child growth.
b. School.
The school is one of the factors that influence the growth and development of children, especially for intelligence. Children who never went to school will be missed in many ways. The school was instrumental in improving the mindset of 100 school children they can learn a variety of science. Low high school education and helped determine the type of mindset and personality.
c. Community.
Community is the neighborhood children. They also include children's friends outside of school. Condition didesa people or the city where he lived also influenced the development of his soul. Children who are raised in a different city paradigm with village children. Son town to be generally more dynamic and active when compared with rural children who tend to be static and slow.
d. Around Nature.
Natural circumstances surrounding the child lives, also affected the growth and development of children. Natural circumstances surrounding the location where the child resides, in the village or town, the beach or the mountains, remote villages near the town. For example, children prefer the village to the state of quiet or a bit slow, whereas the city wants a crowded situation. The difference is psychosis because influence of different natural conditions between the villages with the city.

CHAPTER II
DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDHOOD TO THE PRE-TEENS
A. Development of Physical Aspects
The study of physical growth has been shown that growing children can be divided into 4 main periods, two periods characterized by rapid growth in two other periods are characterized by slow growth. During the prenatal period and 6 months after birth, rapid growth of body Sagat. At the end of the first to know pascalahirnya life, growth showed a slightly slower tempo and then became stable until the child enters adolescence, or stage kemataga sex life.
Size and body build yag genetically inherited, also affect the growth rate. Children who have a muscular body build biyasanya will grow quickly compared with those who build small or medium body. Children with this big body up, will enter the stage biyasanya teen faster than their peers who have a smaller body build.
Kecilya big person's body is influenced by heredity and also factor the environment factor. Hereditary factors determine how the hormones that regulate the physical growth dikelurka by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, a small kelejar located based on the lower brain.
At the time a person is born, he already has the muscle fibers, but is still underdeveloped. After kelahiraya, these fibers will change the size, and composition betuk. Pajag, width, and thickness of this muscle will experience the growth process. Entering adulthood, this muscle has grown five times from the time of birth.
In the development of fat cells there are three kriis period. The first period during the last three months of pre-born life, the second period for two to three years after the birth and kehidupa third period Atara age of eleven to thirteen years.
B. Aspects of language development (talking)
Language development at the beginner level (babies) can be considered a kind of preparation to speak.
a. In the first months, babies cry just smart. In this case a baby's crying is considered as a statement of displeasure.
b. Then he cried in a way that varies according to declared intentions.
c. Next he made a sound (the sounds) that are manifold. but the sounds that do not have a meaning, just to practice breathing.
d. Toward the middle age at first know, he imitates the voices he listens, and then repeated the voice, but not karna he had understood what was said to him.
There are two reasons why the baby is not good at speaking: first, the tools are not perfect speech. Second, to be able to speak, he needs the ability to think is not owned by a baby boy. The ability to speak can be developed through learning and communicating with others mutually.

At first, children learn language patterns is to meet:
1. desire to obtain information about the environment, self, and his friends are seen in children aged 2 and a half - 3 years.
2. Give orders and express his will.
3. Social interactions with others.
4. Expressing opinions and ideas.
A child's language development by Clara and William Stern, the German scientist, is divided into four times, namely: the one-word sentence, the given name, the single sentence and the compound sentences.
C. Development of the Moral Aspect
For simplicity in discussing moral development, need to understand the meaning of that term. Moral behavior is behavior in accordance with the moral code of social groups. "Moral" is derived from the word meaning latinyang procedures, habits and customs. Moral behavior is controlled by moral concepts perilakuyang regulations has become a habit for the members of a culture and a popla determine the expected behavior of all members of the group.
Immoral behavior means behavior that is inconsistent with social expectations. such behavior is not caused by lack of social expectations of acuhan, but disagreement with the social standards or lack of feeling obliged to conform.
Immoral behavior means behavior that is more due to lack of hope acuhan social groups from the deliberate violation of the standard group. Some of the behavior of small children are more immoral than takbermoral pad.
Patterns of Moral Development
According Peaget moral development occurs in two stages. The first stage is called moral realism stage (morality by the limitation ". The second stage is called the autonomy of morality (morality of cooperation or reciprocity)
In this first stage of a child's rate actions as right or wrong based on consequences and not by motivation behind. Moral children follow the rules automatically, without thinking or judging, and tends to regard adults as all-powerful ruling. The most important according to Piaget that the child was considered an act of punishment atu one based not on moral values.
In the second stage of cognitive development of children has been established so that he can consider all possible ways to solve specific problems. Children begin to see problems from different points of view and can consider various factors to solve the problem.
D. GROWTH OF RELIGION
1). Development of Religious Life
In the span of life there are several stages of development. According to Kohnstamm, stage of development of human life is divided into five periods, namely:
1. Age 0 to 3 years, or following on a vital period.
2. Age 3 to 6 years, a period of aesthetic or period of time to try and play.
3. Age 6 - 12 years, a period of intellectual (the school)
4. Age 12 to 21 years, a period of social or youth.
5. Age 21 years and above, or the mature period of physical and psychological maturity one.
Elizabeth B. Hurlock formulating stage of human development more fully as follows:
1. Prenatal period, the time of the conception until birth.
2. Neonatal period, when the birth until the end of the second week.
3. Babies period, end of the second week until the end of the second year.
4. Childhood early, aged 2 - 6 years.
5. Childhood end, aged 6 to 10 or 11 years.
6. Early Puberty (pre adolesence), aged 11 to 13 years
7. Early Adolescent Period, the age of 13 - 17 years. Late adolescence 17 to 21 years.
8. Period Beginning Adult, ages 21 to 40 years.
9. Early Half Baya, age 40 - 60 years.
10. Old Age, age 60 years and above.

E. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
According to traditional beliefs some people are born with a social nature and some do not. People who contemplate more myself than with others, or those who are social mind more focused on things outside himself, a 'natural' is indeed so, or because of factors descent. Also, people who oppose the anti-social person.
1). Commencement of Social Behavior
At the time of birth, babies do not like to associate with other people. During their physical needs met, they have no interest in other people. In the first or second vulan since bayai born, they are merely reacting to their environmental stimuli, regardless of whether the stimuli were human origin or object, for example, they can not clearly distinguish between human voices and other sounds.
Socialization in the form of sociable behavior began in the third month, when antaramanusia and bayidapat distinguish objects of their environment and they react differently to them. At the time of their muscles strong enough and coordinated so memunginkan to look the person or thing and follow the movements of people ataubenda, and see the target clearly. Hearing they were developed enough to enable them to know the voice. As a result of these developments, in terms of maturity, they are ready to learn in a society.
2). Reaction To The Deewasa
The reaction is baby's first social of adults because, normally, the adults are baby's first social relationships. At the age of the baby three months, they turned away toward the voice and smiled back at ma smile or cluck. Babies mengeksperesikan joy to the presence of another person with a smile, menyepakkan feet, or wave. Social smile, or smile as a reaction to people who are distinguished from the smile olehrabaan reflexes arising in the baby's cheek or lips, is seen as the beginning of social development.
F. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The ability to react emotionally to have existed in newborns. The first symptoms of emotional behavior is common to keterangsangan strong stimulation. Keterangsangan exaggeration is reflected in the many activities in the newborn. However, when the baby is born, the baby did not show a clear reaction can be expressed as a specific emotional state.
Often, before the passage of neonate period, a general in keterangsangan newborns can be divided into a simple reaction impressive about pleasure and displeasure. Unpleasant reactions can be obtained by changing the position abruptly, suddenly made a loud noise, hinder movement of the baby, let the baby wearing a wet diaper, and put something cold on his skin. Such stimuli cause weeping and great activities. In contrast, a pleasant reaction was clear when the baby suckle. Such reactions can also be obtained by waving it, patted it, give warmth, and carried her tenderly. Delight in infants can be seen from an overall relaxation of body, and the pleasant voice of coo and gurgle.
There are variations in terms of frequency, intensity and duration of various emotions, and also the age of appearance. These variations have started looking before the end of infancy and becoming more frequent and more striking with increasing age of the child.
Appearance Characteristic Child Emotion
• Strong emotions
• Emotions often seem
• Emotions are temporary
• reaction reflects the individuality
• Emotional changes strength
• Emotions can be known through behavioral symptoms


G. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Individual differences in cognitive development of infants has been studied through the use of the scale of the development or infant intelligence tests. It is important to know if a baby develops at a slow rate, normal, or fast. If a baby develops at a slow rate, some form of enrichment is important. But when a baby develops at a more advanced stage, parents may be advised to give the toy a more "difficult" to stimulate their cognitive growth. Mental scale pda and cognitive development of infants include the following measures: Attention to auditory and visual stimulation provided. Manipulation, such as combining objects or shaking a toy that can produce sound.











CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

The development is the changes towards a more advanced, more mature and more mature. Developments that are unique to each individual. Means that development, but in addition there is no difference kasamaan. Even within a given side there is no single individual with other individuals.
Community is the neighborhood children. They also include children's friends outside of school. Condition didesa people or the city where he lived also influenced the development of his soul. Children who are raised in a different city paradigm with village children.
The study of physical growth has been shown that growing children can be divided into 4 main periods, two periods characterized by rapid growth in two other periods are characterized by slow growth.
There are two reasons why the baby is not good at speaking: first, the tools are not perfect speech. Second, to be able to speak, he needs the ability to think is not owned by a baby boy. The ability to speak can be developed through learning and communicating with others mutually.
Moral behavior is behavior in accordance with the moral code of social groups. "Moral" is derived from the word meaning latinyang procedures, habits and customs. Moral behavior is controlled by moral concepts perilakuyang regulations has become a habit for the members of a culture and a popla determine the expected behavior of all members of the group.
According to traditional beliefs some people are born with a social nature and some do not. People who contemplate more myself than with others, or those who are social mind more focused on things outside himself, a 'natural' is indeed so, or because of factors descent. Also, people who oppose the anti-social person.
The ability to react emotionally to have existed in newborns. The first symptoms of emotional behavior is common to keterangsangan strong stimulation. Keterangsangan exaggeration is reflected in the many activities in the newborn. However, when the baby is born, the baby did not show a clear reaction can be expressed as a specific emotional state.
Individual differences in cognitive development of infants has been studied through the use of the scale of the development or infant intelligence tests. It is important to know if a baby develops at a slow rate, normal, or fast. If a baby develops at a slow rate, some form of enrichment is important. But when a baby develops at a more advanced stage, parents may be advised to give the toy a more "difficult" to stimulate their cognitive growth.






REFERENCES

Djamarah, Syaiful Bahri. 2008. Learning Psychology. PT. Rineka Copyright: Jakarta.
MuhibbinSyah, M.Ed. 2008. Psychology Education With New Approach. PT. Teenagers Rosdakarya: Bandung.
Djiwandono, Sri Esti. 2006. Educational Psychology. PT Grasindo: Jakarta.
Sarwono. S. W. 1999. Adolescent psychology. PT. King Gizfinto Persada: Jakarta.